国际借贷合同中的“放弃主权豁免”

　　在国际借贷、债券发行、投资等交易所使用的合同文本中，往往包含了借款人或者债务人明确放弃主权豁免的条款。这是因为，在此类交易中，借款人或者债务人一方有时可能是主权国家的中央银行、财政部等机构，有时可能是准政府机构、国有企业等。如果合同文本中不载有“放弃主权豁免”的条款，当债务人无法履行债务时，一旦债务人声称自己享有主权豁免，则债权人可能无法通过司法途径起诉债务人并强制执行债务人财产，最终造成债权损失。

　　因此，要求借款人、债务人放弃其享有的主权豁免，对于维护贷款银行的权益具有十分重要作用。在“放弃主权豁免”条款的保障下，一旦借款人违约不能偿还贷款，贷款银行可以根据借款合同约定，通过法院诉讼或者仲裁的方式起诉借款人，并根据胜诉裁决，向借款人财产所在国家的法院申请执行借款人的财产，并排除了借款人向财产所在国家法院主张主权豁免的可能。

　　目前常见的英文国际借贷合同文本中，大都含有如下两个涉及“放弃主权豁免”的条款：

　　1.在合同的“Representations and Warranties”部分：The execution and delivery of this Agreement by the Borrower constitute, and the Borrower’s performance of and compliance with its obligations under this Agreement will constitute, private and commercial acts done and performed for commercial purposes under the laws of [] (name of the Borrower’s Country) and neither the Borrower nor any of its assets is entitled to any immunity or privilege (sovereign or otherwise) from suit, execution or any other legal process with respect to its obligations under this Agreement, as the case may be, in any jurisdiction.

　　2.在合同的“Governing Law and Dispute Resolution”部分：The Borrower irrevocably and unconditionally waives, any immunity to which it or its property may at any time be or become entitled, whether characterized as sovereign immunity or otherwise, from any suit, judgment, service of process upon it or any agent, execution on judgment, set-off, attachment prior to judgment, attachment in aid of execution to which it or its assets may be entitled in any legal action or proceedings with respect to this Agreement or any of the transactions contemplated hereby or hereunder.

　　上述第1条约定，协议项下的借款人的行为构成商业行为，借款人及其财产不享有任何形式的包括主权豁免在内的豁免权。这是借款人对其在协议签署时的状况的陈述;而上述第2条则强调借款人声明无条件放弃其享有或任何时候可能享有的不受他国司法管辖的任何豁免(包括主权豁免)。这两个条款的侧重点不同，二者相结合，能够较好地反映了国际信贷领域内，借贷双方约定国家从事商业行为不享有并主动放弃主权豁免的普遍实践。